第二章：稳定币分类与经济模型

// USDC核心合约简化版
contract FiatTokenV2_1 is FiatTokenV2 {
    // 关键角色
    address public masterMinter;    // 主铸币者
    mapping(address => bool) public minters;    // 授权铸币者
    mapping(address => uint256) public minterAllowed;    // 铸币配额
    
    // 铸币功能（仅授权铸币者）
    function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) 
        external 
        onlyMinters 
        notBlacklisted(msg.sender) 
        notBlacklisted(_to) 
        returns (bool) {
        require(_to != address(0), "Mint to zero address");
        require(_amount > 0, "Mint amount not greater than 0");
        
        uint256 mintingAllowedAmount = minterAllowed[msg.sender];
        require(_amount <= mintingAllowedAmount, "Mint amount exceeds allowed");
        
        totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(_amount);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_amount);
        minterAllowed[msg.sender] = mintingAllowedAmount.sub(_amount);
        
        emit Mint(msg.sender, _to, _amount);
        emit Transfer(address(0), _to, _amount);
        return true;
    }
    
    // 销毁功能（任何持币者）
    function burn(uint256 _amount) 
        external 
        whenNotPaused 
        notBlacklisted(msg.sender) {
        uint256 balance = balances[msg.sender];
        require(_amount > 0, "Burn amount not greater than 0");
        require(balance >= _amount, "Burn amount exceeds balance");
        
        totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.sub(_amount);
        balances[msg.sender] = balance.sub(_amount);
        
        emit Burn(msg.sender, _amount);
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, address(0), _amount);
    }
}

// Maker协议核心组件简化
contract Vat {  // 核心会计引擎
    // CDP（现称Vault）状态
    struct Ilk {  // 抵押品类型
        uint256 Art;   // 总债务
        uint256 rate;  // 累积稳定费率
        uint256 spot;  // 价格（带安全边际）
        uint256 line;  // 债务上限
        uint256 dust;  // 最小债务额
    }
    
    struct Urn {  // 用户金库
        uint256 ink;   // 抵押品数量
        uint256 art;   // 标准化债务
    }
    
    mapping (bytes32 => Ilk) public ilks;  // 抵押品类型
    mapping (bytes32 => mapping (address => Urn)) public urns;  // 用户金库
    
    // 开仓（抵押品锁定，DAI生成）
    function frob(
        bytes32 i,      // 抵押品类型
        address u,      // 金库地址
        address v,      // 抵押品来源
        address w,      // DAI接收地址
        int dink,       // 抵押品变化
        int dart        // 债务变化
    ) external {
        Urn memory urn = urns[i][u];
        Ilk memory ilk = ilks[i];
        
        urn.ink = add(urn.ink, dink);
        urn.art = add(urn.art, dart);
        ilk.Art = add(ilk.Art, dart);
        
        // 检查抵押率
        uint dtab = mul(ilk.rate, dart);
        uint tab = mul(ilk.rate, urn.art);
        require(either(dart <= 0, both(
            mul(ilk.Art, ilk.rate) <= ilk.line,  // 债务上限
            tab <= mul(urn.ink, ilk.spot)        // 抵押率要求
        )), "Vat/not-safe");
        
        require(either(dart <= 0, tab >= ilk.dust), "Vat/dust");
        
        urns[i][u] = urn;
        ilks[i] = ilk;
    }
}

// 清算模块
contract Dog {  // Liquidation Engine 2.0
    struct Ilk {
        address clip;  // 拍卖合约地址
        uint256 chop;  // 清算罚金
        uint256 hole;  // 最大同时拍卖金额
        uint256 dirt;  // 当前拍卖金额
    }
    
    // 触发清算
    function bark(
        bytes32 ilk,    // 抵押品类型
        address urn,    // 待清算金库
        address kpr     // 清算人（获得奖励）
    ) external returns (uint256 id) {
        require(live == 1, "Dog/not-live");
        
        (uint256 ink, uint256 art) = vat.urns(ilk, urn);
        Ilk memory milk = ilks[ilk];
        uint256 dart = art;
        
        // 检查是否可清算
        require(milk.chop > 0, "Dog/ilk-not-init");
        uint256 room = sub(milk.hole, milk.dirt);
        require(room > 0 && dart > 0, "Dog/liquidation-limit-hit");
        
        // 计算清算金额
        uint256 dink = ink;
        if (milk.hole != type(uint256).max) {
            dart = min(dart, mul(room, WAD) / milk.rate / milk.chop);
            dink = mul(ink, dart) / art;
        }
        
        // 转移债务到拍卖模块
        vat.grab(ilk, urn, address(this), address(vow), -int256(dink), -int256(dart));
        
        // 启动拍卖
        uint256 due = mul(dart, milk.rate);
        id = Clipper(milk.clip).kick({
            tab: mul(due, milk.chop) / WAD,
            lot: dink,
            usr: urn,
            kpr: kpr
        });
    }
}

// Liquity核心机制：Trove（金库）操作
contract BorrowerOperations {
    // 开仓参数
    struct OpenTroveParams {
        uint _maxFeePercentage;
        uint _collAmount;
        uint _LUSDAmount;
        address _upperHint;
        address _lowerHint;
    }
    
    function openTrove(OpenTroveParams memory params) external payable {
        require(params._collAmount == msg.value, "BorrowerOps: Coll != msg.value");
        
        // 计算复合债务（本金 + 200 LUSD gas补偿）
        uint LUSDFee = _triggerBorrowingFee(params._LUSDAmount, params._maxFeePercentage);
        uint netDebt = params._LUSDAmount;
        uint compositeDebt = netDebt.add(LUSD_GAS_COMPENSATION);
        
        // 检查最低债务要求（2000 LUSD）
        require(compositeDebt >= MIN_NET_DEBT, "BorrowerOps: Trove net debt < minimum");
        
        // 计算ICR（个人抵押率）
        uint ICR = LiquityMath._computeCR(params._collAmount, compositeDebt, price);
        require(ICR >= MCR, "BorrowerOps: ICR < MCR");  // MCR = 110%
        
        // 创建Trove
        contractsCache.troveManager.openTrove(
            msg.sender, 
            params._collAmount, 
            compositeDebt
        );
        
        // 发送LUSD给借款人
        contractsCache.lusdToken.mint(msg.sender, params._LUSDAmount);
        
        emit TroveCreated(msg.sender, compositeDebt, params._collAmount);
    }
}

// Terra协议核心机制（简化版）
contract TerraStation {
    uint256 constant DECIMAL_PRECISION = 1e6;
    
    // 铸造UST（烧毁等值LUNA）
    function mintUST(uint256 lunaAmount) external {
        uint256 lunaPrice = getOraclePrice("LUNA");
        uint256 ustToMint = (lunaAmount * lunaPrice) / DECIMAL_PRECISION;
        
        // 烧毁LUNA
        LUNA.burnFrom(msg.sender, lunaAmount);
        
        // 铸造UST
        UST.mint(msg.sender, ustToMint);
        
        emit Swap(msg.sender, "LUNA", "UST", lunaAmount, ustToMint);
    }
    
    // 赎回LUNA（烧毁UST）
    function redeemLUNA(uint256 ustAmount) external {
        uint256 lunaPrice = getOraclePrice("LUNA");
        uint256 lunaToMint = (ustAmount * DECIMAL_PRECISION) / lunaPrice;
        
        // 烧毁UST
        UST.burnFrom(msg.sender, ustAmount);
        
        // 铸造LUNA
        LUNA.mint(msg.sender, lunaToMint);
        
        emit Swap(msg.sender, "UST", "LUNA", ustAmount, lunaToMint);
    }
}

// Anchor协议（提供20%年化收益）
contract AnchorProtocol {
    uint256 constant EARN_RATE = 20e16; // 20% APY
    
    mapping(address => uint256) public deposits;
    mapping(address => uint256) public lastUpdate;
    
    function deposit(uint256 amount) external {
        UST.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
        
        // 更新余额和利息
        uint256 earned = calculateEarnings(msg.sender);
        deposits[msg.sender] += amount + earned;
        lastUpdate[msg.sender] = block.timestamp;
    }
}

# UST崩盘的动力学模型
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

class USTDeathSpiral:
    """UST死亡螺旋的数学建模"""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.luna_supply = 350e6  # 初始LUNA供应量：3.5亿
        self.luna_price = 64      # 初始LUNA价格：$64
        self.ust_supply = 18e9    # UST供应量：180亿
        self.ust_price = 1.0      # UST初始价格：$1
        
    def simulate_spiral(self, ust_redemption_rate, time_steps):
        """模拟死亡螺旋过程
        
        参数:
            ust_redemption_rate: 每时间步的UST赎回比例
            time_steps: 模拟步数
        """
        history = {
            'time': [], 'luna_price': [], 'luna_supply': [],
            'ust_price': [], 'market_cap': []
        }
        
        for t in range(time_steps):
            # 记录当前状态
            history['time'].append(t)
            history['luna_price'].append(self.luna_price)
            history['luna_supply'].append(self.luna_supply)
            history['ust_price'].append(self.ust_price)
            history['market_cap'].append(self.luna_price * self.luna_supply)
            
            # UST赎回量
            ust_redeemed = self.ust_supply * ust_redemption_rate
            
            # 按当前LUNA价格铸造新LUNA
            new_luna_minted = ust_redeemed / self.luna_price
            self.luna_supply += new_luna_minted
            
            # 市场冲击：供应增加导致价格下跌
            # 使用简化的价格弹性模型
            supply_increase_pct = new_luna_minted / self.luna_supply
            price_elasticity = -2.5  # 价格弹性系数
            self.luna_price *= (1 + supply_increase_pct * price_elasticity)
            
            # UST价格跟随LUNA市值/UST供应量的比例
            luna_market_cap = self.luna_price * self.luna_supply
            implied_ust_backing = luna_market_cap / self.ust_supply
            self.ust_price = min(1.0, implied_ust_backing)
            
            # 恐慌加速因子：UST脱锚越严重，赎回越快
            if self.ust_price < 0.95:
                ust_redemption_rate *= 1.5  # 恐慌加速
                
            # 防止价格为负
            self.luna_price = max(0.0001, self.luna_price)
            
        return history
    
    def plot_results(self, history):
        """可视化死亡螺旋过程"""
        fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 10))
        
        # LUNA价格
        axes[0, 0].plot(history['time'], history['luna_price'])
        axes[0, 0].set_title('LUNA价格走势')
        axes[0, 0].set_ylabel('价格 ($)')
        axes[0, 0].set_yscale('log')
        
        # LUNA供应量
        axes[0, 1].plot(history['time'], history['luna_supply'])
        axes[0, 1].set_title('LUNA供应量（指数增长）')
        axes[0, 1].set_ylabel('供应量')
        axes[0, 1].set_yscale('log')
        
        # UST价格
        axes[1, 0].plot(history['time'], history['ust_price'])
        axes[1, 0].axhline(y=1.0, color='r', linestyle='--', label='锚定价格')
        axes[1, 0].set_title('UST价格（脱锚过程）')
        axes[1, 0].set_ylabel('价格 ($)')
        axes[1, 0].legend()
        
        # LUNA市值
        axes[1, 1].plot(history['time'], history['market_cap'])
        axes[1, 1].set_title('LUNA总市值')
        axes[1, 1].set_ylabel('市值 ($)')
        axes[1, 1].set_yscale('log')
        
        for ax in axes.flat:
            ax.set_xlabel('时间步')
            ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
        
        plt.tight_layout()
        return fig

# 模拟死亡螺旋
simulator = USTDeathSpiral()
results = simulator.simulate_spiral(ust_redemption_rate=0.05, time_steps=100)
# simulator.plot_results(results)

// Mirror Protocol 核心功能（Rust/CosmWasm简化版）
pub struct MintPosition {
    pub owner: Addr,
    pub asset: Addr,
    pub collateral_amount: Uint128,
    pub asset_amount: Uint128,
}

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, JsonSchema)]
pub enum ExecuteMsg {
    // 开仓铸造mAsset
    OpenPosition {
        collateral_amount: Uint128,
        asset_info: AssetInfo,
        collateral_ratio: Decimal,
    },
    // 增加抵押品
    Deposit {
        position_idx: Uint128,
        collateral_amount: Uint128,
    },
    // 烧毁mAsset并提取抵押品
    Burn {
        position_idx: Uint128,
        asset_amount: Uint128,
    },
    // 清算不足额头寸
    Liquidate {
        position_idx: Uint128,
    },
}

pub fn open_position(
    deps: DepsMut,
    env: Env,
    info: MessageInfo,
    collateral_amount: Uint128,
    asset_info: AssetInfo,
    collateral_ratio: Decimal,
) -> Result {
    // 验证抵押率 >= 150%
    if collateral_ratio < Decimal::percent(150) {
        return Err(ContractError::CollateralRatioTooLow {});
    }
    
    // 获取资产价格
    let asset_price = query_oracle_price(&deps.querier, &asset_info)?;
    let collateral_value = collateral_amount; // UST = $1
    
    // 计算可铸造的mAsset数量
    let mintable_amount = collateral_value
        .multiply_ratio(DECIMAL_PRECISION, asset_price)
        .multiply_ratio(100u128, collateral_ratio * 100);
    
    // 转移UST抵押品
    let transfer_msg = CosmosMsg::Wasm(WasmMsg::Execute {
        contract_addr: UST_TOKEN.to_string(),
        msg: to_binary(&Cw20ExecuteMsg::TransferFrom {
            owner: info.sender.to_string(),
            recipient: env.contract.address.to_string(),
            amount: collateral_amount,
        })?,
        funds: vec![],
    });
    
    // 铸造mAsset
    let mint_msg = CosmosMsg::Wasm(WasmMsg::Execute {
        contract_addr: asset_info.token_address.to_string(),
        msg: to_binary(&Cw20ExecuteMsg::Mint {
            recipient: info.sender.to_string(),
            amount: mintable_amount,
        })?,
        funds: vec![],
    });
    
    Ok(Response::new()
        .add_message(transfer_msg)
        .add_message(mint_msg)
        .add_attribute("action", "open_position")
        .add_attribute("collateral_amount", collateral_amount)
        .add_attribute("mint_amount", mintable_amount))
}

# 控制系统分析：稳定币作为反馈控制系统
class StablecoinControlSystem:
    """稳定币的控制论模型"""
    
    def __init__(self, mechanism_type):
        self.mechanism_type = mechanism_type
        
    def transfer_function(self, s):
        """系统传递函数 G(s)"""
        if self.mechanism_type == "fiat_backed":
            # 法币抵押：一阶系统，稳定
            return 1 / (s + 1)
            
        elif self.mechanism_type == "crypto_backed":
            # 加密抵押：二阶系统，有阻尼
            omega_n = 0.5  # 自然频率
            zeta = 0.7     # 阻尼比
            return omega_n**2 / (s**2 + 2*zeta*omega_n*s + omega_n**2)
            
        elif self.mechanism_type == "algorithmic":
            # 算法稳定币：可能不稳定的高阶系统
            # 包含延迟和非线性反馈
            delay = 0.1
            gain = 2.0  # 高增益可能导致振荡
            return gain * np.exp(-delay * s) / (s**3 + 2*s**2 + s + 0.5)
    
    def stability_analysis(self):
        """分析系统稳定性"""
        # 使用根轨迹、波特图等工具
        # 算法稳定币往往在相位裕度和增益裕度上表现差
        pass

// FRAX协议核心：动态抵押率
contract FRAXStablecoin {
    uint256 public global_collateral_ratio; // 全局抵押率（0-100%）
    
    // 铸造FRAX
    function mintFrax(
        uint256 collateral_amount,
        uint256 fxs_amount,
        uint256 slippage
    ) external {
        uint256 frax_price = getFRAXPrice();
        uint256 fxs_price = getFXSPrice();
        
        // 计算可铸造的FRAX数量
        uint256 c_value = collateral_amount * collateral_price / 1e6;
        uint256 fxs_value = fxs_amount * fxs_price / 1e6;
        
        // 根据抵押率计算
        uint256 calculated_frax = 0;
        if(global_collateral_ratio == 1e6) { // 100%抵押
            calculated_frax = c_value;
        } else if(global_collateral_ratio == 0) { // 0%抵押（纯算法）
            calculated_frax = fxs_value;
        } else { // 部分抵押
            uint256 c_portion = c_value * 1e6 / global_collateral_ratio;
            calculated_frax = c_portion;
        }
        
        // 检查滑点
        require(calculated_frax >= frax_out_min, "Slippage limit");
        
        // 转移抵押品和烧毁FXS
        if(collateral_amount > 0) {
            collateral_token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), collateral_amount);
        }
        if(fxs_amount > 0) {
            FXS.burnFrom(msg.sender, fxs_amount);
        }
        
        // 铸造FRAX
        FRAX.mint(msg.sender, calculated_frax);
    }
    
    // 动态调整抵押率
    function refreshCollateralRatio() external {
        uint256 frax_price = getFRAXPrice();
        
        if(frax_price > 1.01e6) { // FRAX > $1.01
            // 降低抵押率（每次0.25%）
            if(global_collateral_ratio > 0.25e6) {
                global_collateral_ratio -= 0.25e6;
            } else {
                global_collateral_ratio = 0;
            }
        } else if(frax_price < 0.99e6) { // FRAX < $0.99
            // 提高抵押率（每次0.25%）
            if(global_collateral_ratio + 0.25e6 <= 1e6) {
                global_collateral_ratio += 0.25e6;
            } else {
                global_collateral_ratio = 1e6;
            }
        }
        
        emit CollateralRatioRefreshed(global_collateral_ratio);
    }
}

// AMO（算法市场操作）控制器
contract FraxAMOMinter {
    // AMO可以无抵押铸造FRAX用于特定用途
    function mintFraxForAMO(address destination, uint256 frax_amount) external onlyAMO {
        // 检查不会导致抵押不足
        uint256 total_supply = FRAX.totalSupply();
        uint256 global_collateral_value = getGlobalCollateralValue();
        uint256 effective_collateral_ratio = global_collateral_value * 1e6 / (total_supply + frax_amount);
        
        require(effective_collateral_ratio >= global_collateral_ratio, "Collateral ratio violated");
        
        FRAX.mint(destination, frax_amount);
    }
}

// Ethena核心机制：Delta中性策略
contract EthenaProtocol {
    struct Position {
        uint256 stETHCollateral;     // 质押ETH现货
        int256 perpShortPosition;    // 永续合约空头
        uint256 fundingEarned;       // 累计资金费收益
        uint256 stakingRewards;      // 质押奖励
    }
    
    // 铸造USDe的核心逻辑
    function mintUSDe(uint256 ethAmount) external returns (uint256) {
        // 1. 接收ETH并质押获得stETH
        uint256 stETHAmount = stakingPool.stake{value: ethAmount}();
        
        // 2. 在衍生品交易所开立等值空头
        int256 shortSize = -int256(ethAmount * getETHPrice());
        perpExchange.openPosition(shortSize);
        
        // 3. 计算可铸造的USDe（扣除安全边际）
        uint256 netValue = calculateNetValue(stETHAmount, shortSize);
        uint256 usdeToMint = netValue * 90 / 100; // 10%安全边际
        
        // 4. 记录头寸
        positions[msg.sender] = Position({
            stETHCollateral: stETHAmount,
            perpShortPosition: shortSize,
            fundingEarned: 0,
            stakingRewards: 0
        });
        
        // 5. 铸造USDe
        _mint(msg.sender, usdeToMint);
        return usdeToMint;
    }
    
    // 收益分配机制
    function distributeYield() external {
        uint256 totalYield = 0;
        
        // 1. 收集质押奖励（约4% APY）
        uint256 stakingYield = stakingPool.claimRewards();
        totalYield += stakingYield;
        
        // 2. 收集资金费（可变，牛市可达20%+ APY）
        uint256 fundingYield = perpExchange.collectFunding();
        totalYield += fundingYield;
        
        // 3. 扣除协议费用
        uint256 protocolFee = totalYield * 10 / 100;
        uint256 userYield = totalYield - protocolFee;
        
        // 4. 分配给sUSDe持有者
        sUsdeVault.depositYield(userYield);
    }
}

// LLAMMA核心概念：连续清算
contract LLAMMA {
    struct Band {
        uint256 stablecoin_amount;  // 稳定币数量
        uint256 collateral_amount;  // 抵押品数量
    }
    
    mapping(int256 => Band) public bands;  // 价格区间
    
    // 软清算机制
    function deposit_collateral(uint256 amount, uint256 debt, int256 n_bands) external {
        uint256 amount_per_band = amount / uint256(n_bands);
        int256 active_band = price_oracle.active_band();
        
        // 在多个价格区间分散抵押品
        for(int256 i = 0; i < n_bands; i++) {
            int256 band = active_band - i;
            bands[band].collateral_amount += amount_per_band;
        }
        
        // 铸造crvUSD
        crvUSD.mint(msg.sender, debt);
    }
    
    // 自动做市商功能
    function exchange(int256 band) internal {
        Band storage b = bands[band];
        uint256 p_oracle = price_oracle.price();
        uint256 p_band_up = get_p(band + 1);
        uint256 p_band_down = get_p(band);
        
        if(p_oracle > p_band_up) {
            // 卖出所有稳定币买入抵押品
            uint256 collateral_to_buy = b.stablecoin_amount * 1e18 / p_oracle;
            b.collateral_amount += collateral_to_buy;
            b.stablecoin_amount = 0;
        } else if(p_oracle < p_band_down) {
            // 卖出所有抵押品买入稳定币
            uint256 stablecoin_to_buy = b.collateral_amount * p_oracle / 1e18;
            b.stablecoin_amount += stablecoin_to_buy;
            b.collateral_amount = 0;
        } else {
            // 部分转换（AMM逻辑）
            rebalance_band(band, p_oracle);
        }
    }
}

// 跨链稳定币标准接口
interface ICrossChainStablecoin {
    // 锁定并桥接
    function bridgeOut(
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 toChainId,
        address toAddress
    ) external;
    
    // 接收跨链铸造
    function bridgeIn(
        uint256 amount,
        address toAddress,
        bytes32 txHash
    ) external onlyBridge;
}

// LayerZero实现示例
contract LayerZeroStablecoin is OFT {  // Omnichain Fungible Token
    function sendFrom(
        address _from,
        uint16 _dstChainId,
        bytes calldata _toAddress,
        uint256 _amount,
        address payable _refundAddress,
        address _zroPaymentAddress,
        bytes calldata _adapterParams
    ) public payable virtual override {
        _send(_from, _dstChainId, _toAddress, _amount, _refundAddress, _zroPaymentAddress, _adapterParams);
    }
    
    function _nonblockingLzReceive(
        uint16 _srcChainId,
        bytes memory _srcAddress,
        uint64 _nonce,
        bytes memory _payload
    ) internal virtual override {
        uint16 packetType;
        assembly {
            packetType := mload(add(_payload, 32))
        }
        
        if (packetType == PT_SEND) {
            _sendAck(_srcChainId, _srcAddress, _nonce, _payload);
        }
    }
}

# 使用LSTM预测稳定币脱锚风险
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import numpy as np
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

class StablecoinRiskPredictor(nn.Module):
    """基于LSTM的稳定币风险预测模型"""
    
    def __init__(self, input_features=10, hidden_size=64, num_layers=2):
        super().__init__()
        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(input_features, hidden_size, num_layers, 
                           batch_first=True, dropout=0.2)
        self.attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(hidden_size, num_heads=4)
        self.fc = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(hidden_size, 32),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dropout(0.3),
            nn.Linear(32, 3)  # 输出：[正常, 警告, 危险]
        )
        
    def forward(self, x, market_context=None):
        # x shape: (batch, sequence_length, features)
        lstm_out, (h_n, c_n) = self.lstm(x)
        
        # 自注意力机制捕捉长期依赖
        attn_out, _ = self.attention(lstm_out, lstm_out, lstm_out)
        
        # 使用最后时间步的输出
        risk_scores = self.fc(attn_out[:, -1, :])
        return torch.softmax(risk_scores, dim=1)
    
    def extract_features(self, market_data):
        """特征工程：提取风险相关特征"""
        features = {
            # 价格相关
            'price_deviation': abs(market_data['price'] - 1.0),
            'price_volatility': market_data['price'].rolling(24).std(),
            'volume_spike': market_data['volume'] / market_data['volume'].rolling(168).mean(),
            
            # 链上指标
            'mint_burn_ratio': market_data['mints'] / (market_data['burns'] + 1e-8),
            'whale_concentration': market_data['top_10_holdings'] / market_data['total_supply'],
            'velocity': market_data['transfer_volume'] / market_data['total_supply'],
            
            # DeFi集成
            'liquidity_depth': market_data['amm_liquidity'],
            'utilization_rate': market_data['borrowed'] / market_data['supplied'],
            
            # 市场情绪
            'funding_rate': market_data['perp_funding'],
            'cex_premium': market_data['cex_price'] - market_data['dex_price']
        }
        return features

# 强化学习优化稳定币参数
class StablecoinRLAgent:
    """使用PPO算法优化稳定币参数"""
    
    def __init__(self, state_dim=20, action_dim=5):
        self.policy_net = self._build_network(state_dim, action_dim)
        self.value_net = self._build_network(state_dim, 1)
        self.optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(
            list(self.policy_net.parameters()) + 
            list(self.value_net.parameters()), 
            lr=3e-4
        )
        
    def _build_network(self, input_dim, output_dim):
        return nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(input_dim, 128),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(128, 64),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(64, output_dim)
        )
    
    def get_action(self, state):
        """根据当前状态决定参数调整
        
        动作空间:
        - 调整抵押率要求
        - 修改稳定费率
        - 改变清算罚金
        - 调节债务上限
        - 修改预言机参数
        """
        state_tensor = torch.FloatTensor(state)
        action_probs = torch.softmax(self.policy_net(state_tensor), dim=-1)
        action = torch.multinomial(action_probs, 1).item()
        return action
    
    def optimize_parameters(self, env, episodes=1000):
        """通过与环境交互学习最优参数"""
        for episode in range(episodes):
            state = env.reset()
            episode_reward = 0
            
            while not env.done:
                action = self.get_action(state)
                next_state, reward, done = env.step(action)
                
                # 奖励设计：平衡稳定性、资本效率和用户体验
                stability_reward = -abs(env.price - 1.0) * 100
                efficiency_reward = env.utilization_rate * 10
                safety_reward = -env.liquidations * 50
                
                total_reward = stability_reward + efficiency_reward + safety_reward
                episode_reward += total_reward
                
                # PPO更新（简化版）
                self._update_policy(state, action, total_reward, next_state)
                state = next_state
                
            print(f"Episode {episode}: Reward = {episode_reward:.2f}")

# 清算拍卖的博弈论模型
class LiquidationAuction:
    """分析清算人（Keepers）的最优策略"""
    
    def __init__(self, collateral_value, debt_value, num_keepers):
        self.collateral_value = collateral_value
        self.debt_value = debt_value
        self.num_keepers = num_keepers
        
    def calculate_nash_equilibrium(self):
        """计算纳什均衡出价策略
        
        假设：
        - 第一价格密封拍卖
        - 私有价值模型
        - 对称均衡
        """
        # 在均衡状态下，每个keeper的最优出价
        # b(v) = v - ∫[v_min to v] F(x)^(n-1) dx / F(v)^(n-1)
        
        # 简化：假设均匀分布的估值
        expected_profit_margin = 1 / (self.num_keepers + 1)
        equilibrium_bid = self.collateral_value * (1 - expected_profit_margin)
        
        return {
            'equilibrium_bid': equilibrium_bid,
            'expected_profit': self.collateral_value - equilibrium_bid,
            'protocol_recovery': equilibrium_bid / self.debt_value
        }
    
    def simulate_dutch_auction(self, start_price, decay_rate):
        """荷兰式拍卖模拟（如Liquity）"""
        time_steps = []
        prices = []
        
        current_price = start_price
        t = 0
        
        while current_price > self.debt_value * 0.9:  # 最低价格限制
            # 每个keeper的参与概率
            participation_prob = self._keeper_participation_probability(
                current_price, t
            )
            
            if np.random.random() < participation_prob:
                return {
                    'winning_price': current_price,
                    'time_to_clear': t,
                    'keeper_profit': self.collateral_value - current_price
                }
            
            # 价格衰减
            current_price *= (1 - decay_rate)
            t += 1
            
            time_steps.append(t)
            prices.append(current_price)
            
        return {'failed': True, 'final_price': current_price}

// Solidity实现：自动债务上限调整
contract AutoLine {
    struct CollateralConfig {
        uint256 line;      // 当前债务上限
        uint256 gap;       // 每次增加量
        uint256 ttl;       // 冷却时间
        uint256 last;      // 上次调整时间
        uint256 maxLine;   // 最大上限
    }
    
    mapping(bytes32 => CollateralConfig) public configs;
    
    function exec(bytes32 ilk) external returns (uint256) {
        CollateralConfig memory cfg = configs[ilk];
        
        // 获取当前使用情况
        (uint256 Art, uint256 rate,, uint256 line,) = vat.ilks(ilk);
        uint256 debt = Art * rate;
        
        // 如果使用率超过90%且未达到最大值，增加上限
        if (debt > line * 90 / 100 && line < cfg.maxLine) {
            // 检查冷却时间
            require(block.timestamp > cfg.last + cfg.ttl, "AutoLine/cooldown");
            
            // 增加债务上限
            uint256 newLine = Math.min(line + cfg.gap, cfg.maxLine);
            vat.file(ilk, "line", newLine);
            
            // 更新时间戳
            configs[ilk].last = block.timestamp;
            
            emit LineUpdate(ilk, line, newLine);
            return newLine;
        }
        
        return line;
    }
}