第十一章：未来方向与研究前沿

// 选择性披露合规系统
contract SelectiveDisclosure {
    using ECDSA for bytes32;
    
    struct DisclosureRequest {
        address requester;      // 监管机构
        bytes32 targetTxHash;   // 目标交易
        uint256 infoLevel;      // 披露级别
        uint256 deadline;
        bool fulfilled;
    }
    
    mapping(uint256 => DisclosureRequest) public requests;
    mapping(address => bool) public regulators;
    
    // 用户响应披露请求
    function respondToDisclosure(
        uint256 requestId,
        bytes calldata disclosureProof
    ) external {
        DisclosureRequest storage request = requests[requestId];
        require(!request.fulfilled, "Already fulfilled");
        require(block.timestamp <= request.deadline, "Expired");
        
        // 验证披露证明
        bool valid = verifyDisclosureProof(
            request.targetTxHash,
            request.infoLevel,
            disclosureProof
        );
        
        require(valid, "Invalid disclosure proof");
        
        request.fulfilled = true;
        
        // 记录合规事件
        emit DisclosureProvided(
            requestId,
            msg.sender,
            request.infoLevel
        );
    }
    
    // 分层披露证明
    function verifyDisclosureProof(
        bytes32 txHash,
        uint256 level,
        bytes calldata proof
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        if (level == 1) {
            // Level 1: 只证明交易金额范围
            return verifyRangeProof(proof);
        } else if (level == 2) {
            // Level 2: 证明KYC状态但不暴露身份
            return verifyKYCStatusProof(proof);
        } else if (level == 3) {
            // Level 3: 完整交易信息
            return verifyFullDisclosure(proof, txHash);
        }
        
        return false;
    }
}

// 隐私池的风险隔离
contract PrivacyPoolIsolation {
    
    enum RiskLevel { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, RESTRICTED }
    
    struct PrivacyPool {
        bytes32 merkleRoot;
        uint256 totalValue;
        RiskLevel risk;
        mapping(address => bool) allowedRelayers;
    }
    
    mapping(uint256 => PrivacyPool) public pools;
    
    // 基于风险的池隔离
    function routeDeposit(
        address user,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes calldata riskAssessment
    ) external returns (uint256 poolId) {
        RiskLevel userRisk = assessUserRisk(user, riskAssessment);
        
        // 根据风险等级分配到不同池
        poolId = uint256(userRisk);
        
        // 高风险用户的额外限制
        if (userRisk >= RiskLevel.HIGH) {
            require(amount <= 10000 * 10**18, "Amount limit for high risk");
            require(
                timeSinceLastTx[user] >= 24 hours,
                "Cool down period required"
            );
        }
        
        pools[poolId].totalValue += amount;
        
        emit UserRouted(user, poolId, userRisk);
    }
}

# 企业级隐私稳定币支付系统
import hashlib
import json
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa, padding
from py_ecc import bn128
import numpy as np

class EnterprisePrivacyPayment:
    """企业隐私支付系统，支持供应链金融场景"""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.merkle_tree = MerkleTree()
        self.nullifier_set = set()
        self.compliance_records = {}
        
    def create_private_invoice(self, supplier, buyer, amount, metadata):
        """创建隐私发票"""
        # 生成随机数
        randomness = os.urandom(32)
        
        # 创建承诺
        commitment = self._create_commitment(amount, randomness)
        
        # 生成查看密钥（供审计使用）
        view_key = self._generate_view_key(supplier, buyer, amount)
        
        # 加密元数据
        encrypted_metadata = self._encrypt_metadata(metadata, view_key)
        
        invoice = {
            'commitment': commitment.hex(),
            'encrypted_metadata': encrypted_metadata,
            'timestamp': int(time.time()),
            'compliance_hash': self._generate_compliance_hash(supplier, buyer)
        }
        
        # 添加到默克尔树
        self.merkle_tree.add_leaf(commitment)
        
        return invoice, randomness
    
    def create_batch_payment(self, payments):
        """批量隐私支付（供应链场景）"""
        batch_proof = BatchPaymentProof()
        total_amount = 0
        
        for payment in payments:
            # 验证每笔支付的合规性
            if not self._verify_compliance(payment):
                raise ValueError(f"Payment {payment['id']} failed compliance")
            
            # 累加金额（同态加密特性）
            total_amount += payment['amount']
            
            # 生成单笔支付证明
            single_proof = self._generate_payment_proof(payment)
            batch_proof.add_proof(single_proof)
        
        # 生成批量证明
        batch_commitment = self._create_batch_commitment(batch_proof)
        
        return {
            'batch_commitment': batch_commitment,
            'total_amount_commitment': self._create_commitment(total_amount, os.urandom(32)),
            'payment_count': len(payments),
            'batch_proof': batch_proof.serialize()
        }
    
    def implement_supply_chain_privacy(self):
        """供应链金融隐私实现"""
        
        class SupplyChainPrivacy:
            def __init__(self):
                self.participants = {}  # 参与方映射
                self.trade_flows = []   # 贸易流水
                
            def register_participant(self, entity_id, public_key, kyc_proof):
                """注册供应链参与方"""
                # 验证KYC
                if not verify_kyc_proof(kyc_proof):
                    raise ValueError("Invalid KYC")
                
                # 生成隐私地址
                privacy_address = generate_stealth_address(public_key)
                
                self.participants[entity_id] = {
                    'public_key': public_key,
                    'privacy_address': privacy_address,
                    'reputation_score': 100,
                    'trade_history_root': bytes32(0)
                }
            
            def create_private_trade(self, buyer_id, seller_id, amount, goods_hash):
                """创建隐私贸易记录"""
                # 生成贸易承诺
                trade_commitment = create_trade_commitment(
                    buyer_id, seller_id, amount, goods_hash
                )
                
                # 生成付款证明（不暴露金额）
                payment_proof = generate_payment_proof(amount)
                
                # 生成货物交付证明
                delivery_proof = generate_delivery_proof(goods_hash)
                
                return {
                    'trade_id': generate_trade_id(),
                    'commitment': trade_commitment,
                    'payment_proof': payment_proof,
                    'delivery_proof': delivery_proof,
                    'timestamp': block.timestamp
                }
            
            def verify_trade_chain(self, trade_ids):
                """验证贸易链完整性（不暴露具体信息）"""
                proofs = []
                
                for i in range(len(trade_ids) - 1):
                    # 证明贸易i的输出等于贸易i+1的输入
                    link_proof = prove_trade_link(
                        self.get_trade(trade_ids[i]),
                        self.get_trade(trade_ids[i+1])
                    )
                    proofs.append(link_proof)
                
                # 批量验证所有链接证明
                return batch_verify_proofs(proofs)
        
        return SupplyChainPrivacy()
    
    def _create_commitment(self, value, randomness):
        """Pedersen承诺"""
        # C = g^value * h^randomness
        G = bn128.G1
        H = bn128.multiply(G, int.from_bytes(hashlib.sha256(b"H").digest(), 'big'))
        
        commitment = bn128.add(
            bn128.multiply(G, value),
            bn128.multiply(H, int.from_bytes(randomness, 'big'))
        )
        
        return commitment
    
    def _generate_range_proof(self, value, randomness, bit_length=64):
        """生成范围证明（Bulletproof）"""
        # 证明 value ∈ [0, 2^bit_length)
        # 这里简化实现，实际应使用完整的Bulletproof协议
        
        # 将值分解为二进制
        bits = [(value >> i) & 1 for i in range(bit_length)]
        
        # 为每个比特生成承诺
        bit_commitments = []
        bit_randomness = []
        
        for bit in bits:
            r = os.urandom(32)
            bit_randomness.append(r)
            commitment = self._create_commitment(bit, r)
            bit_commitments.append(commitment)
        
        # 生成聚合证明
        proof = {
            'bit_commitments': bit_commitments,
            'aggregate_proof': self._create_aggregate_proof(bits, bit_randomness)
        }
        
        return proof

# 实际使用示例
privacy_payment = EnterprisePrivacyPayment()

# 创建隐私发票
invoice, secret = privacy_payment.create_private_invoice(
    supplier="0xSupplier...",
    buyer="0xBuyer...",
    amount=1000000,  # $1M USDC
    metadata={
        'invoice_number': 'INV-2024-001',
        'goods': 'Electronic Components',
        'delivery_date': '2024-12-01'
    }
)

# 批量支付（供应链场景）
payments = [
    {'id': '1', 'amount': 100000, 'recipient': '0xSupplier1'},
    {'id': '2', 'amount': 200000, 'recipient': '0xSupplier2'},
    {'id': '3', 'amount': 150000, 'recipient': '0xSupplier3'}
]

batch_result = privacy_payment.create_batch_payment(payments)
print(f"批量支付承诺: {batch_result['batch_commitment']}")
print(f"总金额承诺: {batch_result['total_amount_commitment']}")

// 隐私DeFi接口标准
interface IPrivacyDeFi {
    // 隐私存款到流动性池
    function privateDeposit(
        bytes32 commitment,
        bytes calldata depositProof,
        uint256 publicAmount  // 用于TVL统计
    ) external returns (bytes32 receiptHash);
    
    // 隐私借贷
    struct PrivateLoan {
        bytes32 collateralCommitment;
        bytes32 debtCommitment;
        uint256 publicCollateralRatio;  // 公开的抵押率用于风控
        bytes32 borrowerNullifier;
    }
    
    function privateBorrow(
        PrivateLoan calldata loan,
        bytes calldata borrowProof
    ) external returns (bytes32 loanId);
    
    // 隐私清算
    function privateLiquidate(
        bytes32 loanId,
        bytes calldata liquidationProof,
        bytes32 liquidatorCommitment
    ) external returns (uint256 publicReward);
}

// 隐私AMM实现
contract PrivacyAMM is IPrivacyDeFi {
    using SafeMath for uint256;
    
    // 隐私流动性池状态
    struct PrivatePool {
        bytes32 reserveCommitmentA;  // Token A储备承诺
        bytes32 reserveCommitmentB;  // Token B储备承诺
        uint256 publicProductK;      // 公开的K值用于定价
        bytes32 lpTokenRoot;         // LP代币默克尔根
    }
    
    mapping(bytes32 => PrivatePool) public privatePools;
    
    // 隐私交换
    function privateSwap(
        bytes32 poolId,
        bytes32 inputCommitment,
        bytes32 outputCommitment,
        bytes calldata swapProof
    ) external {
        PrivatePool storage pool = privatePools[poolId];
        
        // 验证交换证明
        require(
            verifySwapProof(
                pool.reserveCommitmentA,
                pool.reserveCommitmentB,
                inputCommitment,
                outputCommitment,
                pool.publicProductK,
                swapProof
            ),
            "Invalid swap proof"
        );
        
        // 更新池状态（同态更新）
        pool.reserveCommitmentA = updateReserveCommitment(
            pool.reserveCommitmentA,
            inputCommitment,
            true  // 增加
        );
        
        pool.reserveCommitmentB = updateReserveCommitment(
            pool.reserveCommitmentB,
            outputCommitment,
            false  // 减少
        );
        
        emit PrivateSwap(poolId, block.timestamp);
    }
    
    // 隐私流动性提供
    function privateAddLiquidity(
        bytes32 poolId,
        bytes32 tokenACommitment,
        bytes32 tokenBCommitment,
        bytes calldata liquidityProof
    ) external returns (bytes32 lpTokenCommitment) {
        // 生成LP代币承诺
        lpTokenCommitment = generateLPCommitment(
            tokenACommitment,
            tokenBCommitment,
            privatePools[poolId].publicProductK
        );
        
        // 更新LP代币树
        privatePools[poolId].lpTokenRoot = updateMerkleRoot(
            privatePools[poolId].lpTokenRoot,
            lpTokenCommitment
        );
        
        return lpTokenCommitment;
    }
}

// 隐私收益优化器
contract PrivacyYieldOptimizer {
    struct PrivateStrategy {
        bytes32 strategyCommitment;
        uint256 publicAPY;  // 公开的年化收益率
        bytes32 depositorRoot;
        mapping(bytes32 => uint256) lastHarvestTime;
    }
    
    mapping(uint256 => PrivateStrategy) public strategies;
    
    function privateHarvest(
        uint256 strategyId,
        bytes32 userNullifier,
        bytes calldata harvestProof
    ) external {
        PrivateStrategy storage strategy = strategies[strategyId];
        
        // 验证用户有权收获
        require(
            verifyHarvestEligibility(
                strategy.depositorRoot,
                userNullifier,
                harvestProof
            ),
            "Not eligible for harvest"
        );
        
        // 计算收益（隐私）
        uint256 timeSinceLastHarvest = block.timestamp - 
            strategy.lastHarvestTime[userNullifier];
        
        // 生成收益承诺
        bytes32 yieldCommitment = generateYieldCommitment(
            userNullifier,
            timeSinceLastHarvest,
            strategy.publicAPY
        );
        
        // 更新收获时间
        strategy.lastHarvestTime[userNullifier] = block.timestamp;
        
        emit PrivateHarvest(strategyId, yieldCommitment);
    }
}

// 后量子安全的稳定币合约
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./DilithiumVerifier.sol";
import "./SPHINCSVerifier.sol";

contract QuantumResistantStablecoin {
    // 混合签名方案
    struct HybridSignature {
        bytes ecdsaSignature;      // 传统ECDSA签名
        bytes dilithiumSignature;  // 后量子Dilithium签名
        uint8 signatureType;       // 0: ECDSA, 1: Dilithium, 2: Both
    }
    
    // 后量子安全的账户
    struct QuantumSafeAccount {
        address classicAddress;           // 传统以太坊地址
        bytes32 dilithiumPublicKeyHash;   // Dilithium公钥哈希
        bytes32 sphincsPublicKeyHash;     // SPHINCS+公钥哈希（备用）
        uint256 migrationDeadline;        // 强制迁移截止时间
        bool isQuantumSecure;             // 是否已完成量子安全迁移
    }
    
    mapping(address => QuantumSafeAccount) public accounts;
    mapping(address => uint256) public balances;
    
    // 量子威胁级别
    enum QuantumThreatLevel { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, CRITICAL }
    QuantumThreatLevel public currentThreatLevel = QuantumThreatLevel.LOW;
    
    // 事件
    event QuantumMigrationInitiated(address account, bytes32 pqPublicKeyHash);
    event QuantumThreatLevelUpdated(QuantumThreatLevel newLevel);
    event EmergencyQuantumMigration(address[] accounts);
    
    // 注册后量子公钥
    function registerQuantumKey(
        bytes calldata dilithiumPublicKey,
        bytes calldata sphincsPublicKey,
        bytes calldata migrationProof
    ) external {
        // 验证公钥有效性
        require(
            DilithiumVerifier.verifyPublicKey(dilithiumPublicKey),
            "Invalid Dilithium key"
        );
        require(
            SPHINCSVerifier.verifyPublicKey(sphincsPublicKey),
            "Invalid SPHINCS+ key"
        );
        
        // 验证迁移证明（证明拥有原私钥）
        require(
            verifyMigrationProof(msg.sender, dilithiumPublicKey, migrationProof),
            "Invalid migration proof"
        );
        
        // 更新账户信息
        accounts[msg.sender].dilithiumPublicKeyHash = keccak256(dilithiumPublicKey);
        accounts[msg.sender].sphincsPublicKeyHash = keccak256(sphincsPublicKey);
        accounts[msg.sender].migrationDeadline = block.timestamp + 365 days;
        
        emit QuantumMigrationInitiated(msg.sender, keccak256(dilithiumPublicKey));
    }
    
    // 混合签名转账
    function quantumSafeTransfer(
        address to,
        uint256 amount,
        HybridSignature calldata signature,
        bytes calldata transactionData
    ) external {
        address from = msg.sender;
        
        // 根据威胁级别决定签名要求
        if (currentThreatLevel == QuantumThreatLevel.LOW) {
            // 仅需要ECDSA签名
            require(
                verifyECDSASignature(from, transactionData, signature.ecdsaSignature),
                "Invalid ECDSA signature"
            );
        } else if (currentThreatLevel == QuantumThreatLevel.MEDIUM) {
            // 需要ECDSA或Dilithium签名
            require(
                verifyECDSASignature(from, transactionData, signature.ecdsaSignature) ||
                verifyDilithiumSignature(from, transactionData, signature.dilithiumSignature),
                "Invalid signature"
            );
        } else {
            // HIGH或CRITICAL级别：必须使用后量子签名
            require(
                verifyDilithiumSignature(from, transactionData, signature.dilithiumSignature),
                "Quantum signature required"
            );
            
            // CRITICAL级别：需要双重签名
            if (currentThreatLevel == QuantumThreatLevel.CRITICAL) {
                require(
                    verifyECDSASignature(from, transactionData, signature.ecdsaSignature),
                    "Dual signature required"
                );
            }
        }
        
        // 执行转账
        _transfer(from, to, amount);
    }
    
    // 量子安全的多签钱包
    contract QuantumMultiSig {
        struct QuantumSigner {
            bytes32 dilithiumKeyHash;
            bytes32 sphincsKeyHash;
            uint8 weight;  // 签名权重
        }
        
        mapping(address => QuantumSigner) public signers;
        uint8 public requiredWeight;
        
        // 执行交易需要的后量子签名
        struct QuantumMultiSigTx {
            address to;
            uint256 value;
            bytes data;
            bytes[] dilithiumSignatures;
            address[] signerAddresses;
        }
        
        function executeQuantumMultiSig(
            QuantumMultiSigTx calldata tx
        ) external {
            // 计算交易哈希
            bytes32 txHash = keccak256(abi.encode(tx.to, tx.value, tx.data));
            
            // 验证签名权重
            uint8 totalWeight = 0;
            for (uint i = 0; i < tx.signerAddresses.length; i++) {
                QuantumSigner memory signer = signers[tx.signerAddresses[i]];
                
                // 验证后量子签名
                require(
                    DilithiumVerifier.verify(
                        signer.dilithiumKeyHash,
                        txHash,
                        tx.dilithiumSignatures[i]
                    ),
                    "Invalid quantum signature"
                );
                
                totalWeight += signer.weight;
            }
            
            require(totalWeight >= requiredWeight, "Insufficient signatures");
            
            // 执行交易
            (bool success,) = tx.to.call{value: tx.value}(tx.data);
            require(success, "Transaction failed");
        }
    }
    
    // 紧急量子迁移机制
    function emergencyQuantumMigration(
        address[] calldata accountsToMigrate,
        bytes[] calldata newQuantumAddresses
    ) external onlyGovernance {
        require(
            currentThreatLevel >= QuantumThreatLevel.HIGH,
            "Not in emergency state"
        );
        
        for (uint i = 0; i < accountsToMigrate.length; i++) {
            // 冻结旧账户
            accounts[accountsToMigrate[i]].isQuantumSecure = false;
            
            // 创建新的量子安全账户
            // 余额将通过特殊的恢复流程转移
            emit EmergencyQuantumMigration(accountsToMigrate);
        }
    }
    
    // 后量子密钥轮换
    function rotateQuantumKeys(
        bytes calldata newDilithiumPublicKey,
        bytes calldata rotationProof
    ) external {
        QuantumSafeAccount storage account = accounts[msg.sender];
        
        // 验证轮换证明（使用旧密钥签名新密钥）
        require(
            DilithiumVerifier.verify(
                account.dilithiumPublicKeyHash,
                keccak256(newDilithiumPublicKey),
                rotationProof
            ),
            "Invalid rotation proof"
        );
        
        // 更新密钥
        account.dilithiumPublicKeyHash = keccak256(newDilithiumPublicKey);
    }
}

# 量子随机数生成器集成
import requests
import hashlib
from typing import List, Tuple
import numpy as np

class QuantumRandomGenerator:
    """集成真量子随机数生成器用于密钥生成"""
    
    def __init__(self, provider="anu_qrng"):
        self.provider = provider
        self.api_endpoints = {
            "anu_qrng": "https://qrng.anu.edu.au/API/jsonI.php",
            "ibm_qrng": "https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/api/qrng"
        }
        
    def get_quantum_random_bytes(self, num_bytes: int) -> bytes:
        """获取量子随机字节"""
        if self.provider == "anu_qrng":
            # Australian National University QRNG
            response = requests.get(
                f"{self.api_endpoints['anu_qrng']}?length={num_bytes}&type=hex16"
            )
            data = response.json()
            return bytes.fromhex(data['data'][0])
        else:
            # 备用：使用硬件随机数生成器
            return os.urandom(num_bytes)
    
    def generate_pq_keypair(self, algorithm="dilithium"):
        """生成后量子密钥对"""
        # 获取量子随机种子
        seed = self.get_quantum_random_bytes(32)
        
        if algorithm == "dilithium":
            from pqcrypto.sign import dilithium3
            # 使用量子随机数作为种子
            public_key, secret_key = dilithium3.generate_keypair(seed)
            return public_key, secret_key
            
        elif algorithm == "sphincs":
            from pqcrypto.sign import sphincs_sha256_128f
            public_key, secret_key = sphincs_sha256_128f.generate_keypair(seed)
            return public_key, secret_key
    
    def generate_hybrid_keypair(self):
        """生成混合密钥对（传统+后量子）"""
        # ECDSA密钥
        from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
        ecdsa_private = ec.generate_private_key(
            ec.SECP256K1(),
            backend=default_backend()
        )
        
        # Dilithium密钥
        dilithium_pub, dilithium_priv = self.generate_pq_keypair("dilithium")
        
        # SPHINCS+密钥（备用）
        sphincs_pub, sphincs_priv = self.generate_pq_keypair("sphincs")
        
        return {
            'ecdsa': {
                'private': ecdsa_private,
                'public': ecdsa_private.public_key()
            },
            'dilithium': {
                'private': dilithium_priv,
                'public': dilithium_pub
            },
            'sphincs': {
                'private': sphincs_priv,
                'public': sphincs_pub
            }
        }

# 后量子安全的交易签名
class QuantumSafeTransaction:
    def __init__(self, qrng: QuantumRandomGenerator):
        self.qrng = qrng
        
    def create_hybrid_signature(self, message: bytes, keys: dict) -> dict:
        """创建混合签名（ECDSA + Dilithium）"""
        # ECDSA签名
        from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
        from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
        
        ecdsa_sig = keys['ecdsa']['private'].sign(
            message,
            ec.ECDSA(hashes.SHA256())
        )
        
        # Dilithium签名
        from pqcrypto.sign import dilithium3
        dilithium_sig = dilithium3.sign(
            keys['dilithium']['private'],
            message
        )
        
        return {
            'ecdsa': ecdsa_sig,
            'dilithium': dilithium_sig,
            'message_hash': hashlib.sha256(message).hexdigest(),
            'timestamp': int(time.time())
        }
    
    def verify_hybrid_signature(self, message: bytes, signature: dict, 
                              public_keys: dict) -> bool:
        """验证混合签名"""
        # 验证ECDSA
        try:
            public_keys['ecdsa'].verify(
                signature['ecdsa'],
                message,
                ec.ECDSA(hashes.SHA256())
            )
            ecdsa_valid = True
        except:
            ecdsa_valid = False
            
        # 验证Dilithium
        try:
            from pqcrypto.sign import dilithium3
            dilithium3.verify(
                public_keys['dilithium'],
                signature['dilithium'],
                message
            )
            dilithium_valid = True
        except:
            dilithium_valid = False
            
        # 根据威胁级别决定验证策略
        threat_level = self.get_quantum_threat_level()
        
        if threat_level == "LOW":
            return ecdsa_valid
        elif threat_level == "MEDIUM":
            return ecdsa_valid or dilithium_valid
        else:  # HIGH or CRITICAL
            return dilithium_valid

# 使用示例
qrng = QuantumRandomGenerator()
tx_handler = QuantumSafeTransaction(qrng)

# 生成混合密钥对
hybrid_keys = qrng.generate_hybrid_keypair()

# 创建交易
transaction_data = {
    'from': '0x123...',
    'to': '0x456...',
    'amount': 1000,
    'nonce': 42
}

message = json.dumps(transaction_data).encode()
signature = tx_handler.create_hybrid_signature(message, hybrid_keys)

# 验证签名
is_valid = tx_handler.verify_hybrid_signature(
    message, 
    signature,
    {
        'ecdsa': hybrid_keys['ecdsa']['public'],
        'dilithium': hybrid_keys['dilithium']['public']
    }
)

// Gas优化的后量子稳定币
contract OptimizedQuantumStablecoin {
    // 使用压缩的公钥表示
    struct CompressedQuantumKey {
        bytes32 keyHash;           // 公钥哈希
        uint8 keyType;            // 0: Dilithium, 1: FALCON, 2: SPHINCS+
        uint32 keyIndex;          // 批量验证索引
    }
    
    // 批量验证优化
    struct BatchVerification {
        bytes32[] messageHashes;
        bytes[] signatures;
        CompressedQuantumKey[] publicKeys;
        uint256 batchId;
    }
    
    // 链下计算，链上验证
    mapping(uint256 => bytes32) public batchVerificationResults;
    
    // 使用预编译合约加速
    address constant DILITHIUM_PRECOMPILE = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000100;
    address constant FALCON_PRECOMPILE = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000101;
    
    // 批量验证后量子签名
    function batchVerifyQuantumSignatures(
        BatchVerification calldata batch
    ) external returns (bool) {
        // 第一步：链下预计算
        bytes32 batchHash = keccak256(abi.encode(
            batch.messageHashes,
            batch.signatures,
            batch.publicKeys
        ));
        
        // 第二步：使用预编译合约验证
        (bool success, bytes memory result) = DILITHIUM_PRECOMPILE.staticcall(
            abi.encode(batch)
        );
        
        require(success, "Precompile verification failed");
        
        // 第三步：存储结果供后续使用
        batchVerificationResults[batch.batchId] = batchHash;
        
        return true;
    }
    
    // 分层签名方案（降低日常操作成本）
    struct HierarchicalKey {
        bytes32 masterKeyHash;     // 主密钥（后量子）
        bytes32 dailyKeyHash;      // 日常密钥（传统）
        uint256 dailyKeyExpiry;    // 日常密钥过期时间
        uint256 dailySpendLimit;   // 日常密钥额度
    }
    
    mapping(address => HierarchicalKey) public hierarchicalKeys;
    
    // 使用日常密钥进行小额转账
    function transferWithDailyKey(
        address to,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes calldata ecdsaSignature
    ) external {
        HierarchicalKey storage key = hierarchicalKeys[msg.sender];
        
        // 检查日常密钥有效性
        require(block.timestamp < key.dailyKeyExpiry, "Daily key expired");
        require(amount <= key.dailySpendLimit, "Exceeds daily limit");
        
        // 仅需要ECDSA验证（Gas便宜）
        require(
            verifyECDSAWithKeyHash(
                msg.sender,
                key.dailyKeyHash,
                keccak256(abi.encode(to, amount)),
                ecdsaSignature
            ),
            "Invalid daily key signature"
        );
        
        // 更新日常额度
        key.dailySpendLimit -= amount;
        
        // 执行转账
        _transfer(msg.sender, to, amount);
    }
    
    // 状态通道集成（减少链上操作）
    contract QuantumStateChannel {
        struct Channel {
            address participantA;
            address participantB;
            bytes32 quantumKeyHashA;
            bytes32 quantumKeyHashB;
            uint256 balanceA;
            uint256 balanceB;
            uint256 nonce;
        }
        
        mapping(bytes32 => Channel) public channels;
        
        // 开启状态通道（仅需一次后量子签名）
        function openChannel(
            address counterparty,
            uint256 deposit,
            bytes calldata quantumSignature
        ) external returns (bytes32 channelId) {
            // 验证后量子签名
            require(
                verifyQuantumSignature(
                    msg.sender,
                    keccak256(abi.encode(counterparty, deposit)),
                    quantumSignature
                ),
                "Invalid quantum signature"
            );
            
            // 创建通道
            channelId = keccak256(abi.encode(
                msg.sender,
                counterparty,
                block.timestamp
            ));
            
            channels[channelId] = Channel({
                participantA: msg.sender,
                participantB: counterparty,
                quantumKeyHashA: getQuantumKeyHash(msg.sender),
                quantumKeyHashB: getQuantumKeyHash(counterparty),
                balanceA: deposit,
                balanceB: 0,
                nonce: 0
            });
        }
        
        // 链下交易（无需后量子签名）
        function updateChannelOffchain(
            bytes32 channelId,
            uint256 newBalanceA,
            uint256 newBalanceB,
            uint256 nonce,
            bytes calldata signatureA,
            bytes calldata signatureB
        ) external pure returns (bool) {
            // 这个函数仅用于生成状态更新
            // 实际验证在关闭通道时进行
            return true;
        }
        
        // 关闭通道（最终结算需要后量子签名）
        function closeChannel(
            bytes32 channelId,
            uint256 finalBalanceA,
            uint256 finalBalanceB,
            uint256 finalNonce,
            bytes calldata quantumSignatureA,
            bytes calldata quantumSignatureB
        ) external {
            Channel storage channel = channels[channelId];
            require(finalNonce > channel.nonce, "Invalid nonce");
            
            // 验证双方的后量子签名
            bytes32 stateHash = keccak256(abi.encode(
                channelId,
                finalBalanceA,
                finalBalanceB,
                finalNonce
            ));
            
            require(
                verifyQuantumSignatureWithHash(
                    channel.quantumKeyHashA,
                    stateHash,
                    quantumSignatureA
                ) &&
                verifyQuantumSignatureWithHash(
                    channel.quantumKeyHashB,
                    stateHash,
                    quantumSignatureB
                ),
                "Invalid channel close signatures"
            );
            
            // 分配最终余额
            _transfer(address(this), channel.participantA, finalBalanceA);
            _transfer(address(this), channel.participantB, finalBalanceB);
            
            // 删除通道
            delete channels[channelId];
        }
    }
}

# 后量子安全的跨链桥实现
from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
import hashlib
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pqcrypto.sign import dilithium3, falcon512

@dataclass
class CrossChainMessage:
    source_chain: str
    target_chain: str
    sender: bytes
    recipient: bytes
    amount: int
    nonce: int
    timestamp: int

class QuantumSafeBridge:
    """后量子安全的跨链桥"""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.validators = {}  # 验证者集合
        self.threshold = 0.67  # 67%共识阈值
        self.pending_transfers = {}
        
    def register_validator(self, validator_id: str, 
                          quantum_public_key: bytes,
                          stake_amount: int):
        """注册后量子验证者"""
        # 验证公钥格式
        try:
            # 尝试用公钥验证一个测试消息
            test_msg = b"test"
            test_sig = dilithium3.sign(
                dilithium3.generate_keypair()[1], 
                test_msg
            )
            # 这里只是验证公钥格式，不是真的验证签名
            self.validators[validator_id] = {
                'public_key': quantum_public_key,
                'key_type': 'dilithium3',
                'stake': stake_amount,
                'reputation': 100,
                'signed_messages': 0
            }
        except Exception as e:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid quantum public key: {e}")
    
    def create_cross_chain_proof(self, message: CrossChainMessage, 
                               validator_signatures: Dict[str, bytes]) -> dict:
        """创建跨链证明"""
        # 计算消息哈希
        message_hash = self._hash_message(message)
        
        # 验证签名
        valid_signatures = 0
        total_stake = sum(v['stake'] for v in self.validators.values())
        signed_stake = 0
        
        proofs = []
        for validator_id, signature in validator_signatures.items():
            if validator_id not in self.validators:
                continue
                
            validator = self.validators[validator_id]
            
            # 验证后量子签名
            if self._verify_quantum_signature(
                validator['public_key'],
                message_hash,
                signature,
                validator['key_type']
            ):
                valid_signatures += 1
                signed_stake += validator['stake']
                proofs.append({
                    'validator': validator_id,
                    'signature': signature.hex(),
                    'stake': validator['stake']
                })
        
        # 检查是否达到阈值
        if signed_stake / total_stake < self.threshold:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Insufficient signatures: {signed_stake}/{total_stake}"
            )
        
        return {
            'message': message.__dict__,
            'message_hash': message_hash.hex(),
            'proofs': proofs,
            'total_validators': len(self.validators),
            'signed_validators': valid_signatures,
            'stake_percentage': signed_stake / total_stake
        }
    
    def _verify_quantum_signature(self, public_key: bytes, 
                                message_hash: bytes,
                                signature: bytes, 
                                key_type: str) -> bool:
        """验证后量子签名"""
        try:
            if key_type == 'dilithium3':
                dilithium3.verify(public_key, signature, message_hash)
                return True
            elif key_type == 'falcon512':
                falcon512.verify(public_key, signature, message_hash)
                return True
        except:
            return False
        return False
    
    def migrate_to_quantum_safe(self, legacy_validators: List[dict]):
        """从传统验证者迁移到后量子"""
        migration_plan = []
        
        for validator in legacy_validators:
            # 生成新的后量子密钥对
            pq_public, pq_private = dilithium3.generate_keypair()
            
            # 创建迁移证明（用旧密钥签名新公钥）
            migration_proof = self._create_migration_proof(
                validator['ecdsa_private_key'],
                pq_public
            )
            
            migration_plan.append({
                'validator_id': validator['id'],
                'old_address': validator['address'],
                'new_quantum_public_key': pq_public,
                'migration_proof': migration_proof,
                'migration_deadline': self._calculate_deadline(
                    validator['stake']
                )
            })
        
        return migration_plan
    
    def _calculate_deadline(self, stake: int) -> int:
        """根据质押量计算迁移截止时间"""
        # 质押越多，迁移优先级越高
        if stake > 1000000:  # 大户
            return 30  # 30天
        elif stake > 100000:  # 中户
            return 90  # 90天
        else:  # 小户
            return 180  # 180天

# 后量子安全的轻客户端
class QuantumLightClient:
    """用于移动设备的轻量级后量子验证"""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.trusted_roots = []  # 可信根哈希
        self.verification_cache = {}  # 缓存验证结果
        
    def verify_spv_proof(self, block_header: dict, 
                        merkle_proof: List[bytes],
                        transaction: dict) -> bool:
        """验证简化支付验证（SPV）证明"""
        # 使用XMSS进行区块头签名（更适合轻客户端）
        from pqcrypto.sign import xmss
        
        # 验证区块头的后量子签名
        header_hash = hashlib.sha256(
            json.dumps(block_header, sort_keys=True).encode()
        ).digest()
        
        # 检查缓存
        if header_hash in self.verification_cache:
            return self.verification_cache[header_hash]
        
        # 验证Merkle路径
        tx_hash = hashlib.sha256(
            json.dumps(transaction, sort_keys=True).encode()
        ).digest()
        
        current_hash = tx_hash
        for sibling in merkle_proof:
            if current_hash < sibling:
                current_hash = hashlib.sha256(
                    current_hash + sibling
                ).digest()
            else:
                current_hash = hashlib.sha256(
                    sibling + current_hash
                ).digest()
        
        # 验证根哈希
        is_valid = current_hash == bytes.fromhex(
            block_header['merkle_root']
        )
        
        # 缓存结果
        self.verification_cache[header_hash] = is_valid
        
        return is_valid

# 实际使用示例
bridge = QuantumSafeBridge()

# 注册验证者
for i in range(5):
    pub_key, priv_key = dilithium3.generate_keypair()
    bridge.register_validator(
        f"validator_{i}",
        pub_key,
        stake_amount=100000 * (i + 1)
    )

# 创建跨链消息
msg = CrossChainMessage(
    source_chain="ethereum",
    target_chain="polygon",
    sender=b"0x123...",
    recipient=b"0x456...",
    amount=1000000,
    nonce=42,
    timestamp=int(time.time())
)

# 收集签名（实际场景中由各验证者独立签名）
signatures = {}
# ... 收集过程 ...

# 创建跨链证明
proof = bridge.create_cross_chain_proof(msg, signatures)